BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE THEORETICAL PHYSICS SECTION « THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS » FOR STUDENTS OF THE SPECIALTY « SECONDARY EDUCATION (PHYSICS) »

The order of studying various courses of both general and theoretical physics is consistently determined by the gradual analysis of more and more complex forms of motion of structural types of matter: macroobjects, molecules, atoms, elementary particles of fields. Mechanics studies the laws of the simplest form of motion - the relative movement of objects in space. Outside of mechanics, movement is also a change in quality. Thermodynamics and statistical physics consider phenomena caused by the combined action of a huge number of continuously moving particles (molecules, atoms, electrons, etc.) that make up objects. Their disorderly motion acquires new qualities: the macroscopic properties of such systems are completely independent of the initial position of the particles, while the mechanical state essentially depends on the initial conditions [1]. The aim of the work was to analyze the conceptual and methodical aspects of section "Statistical physics and thermodynamics" for students of the specialty "Secondary education (physics)". The order of studying various courses of both general and theoretical physics is consistently determined by the gradual analysis of more and more complex forms of motion of structural types of matter: macroobjects, molecules, atoms, elementary particles of fields. Mechanics studies the laws of the simplest form of motion - the relative movement of objects in space. Outside of mechanics, movement is also a change in quality. Thermodynamics and statistical physics consider phenomena caused by the combined action of a huge number of continuously moving particles (molecules, atoms, electrons, etc.) that make up objects

The order of studying various courses of both general and theoretical physics is consistently determined by the gradual analysis of more and more complex forms of motion of structural types of matter: macroobjects, molecules, atoms, elementary particles of fields. Mechanics studies the laws of the simplest form of motion -the relative movement of objects in space. Outside of mechanics, movement is also a change in quality. Thermodynamics and statistical physics consider phenomena caused by the combined action of a huge number of continuously moving particles (molecules, atoms, electrons, etc.) that make up objects. Their disorderly motion acquires new qualities: the macroscopic properties of such systems are completely independent of the initial position of the particles, while the mechanical state essentially depends on the initial conditions [1].
The aim of the work was to analyze the conceptual and methodical aspects of section "Statistical physics and thermodynamics" for students of the specialty "Secondary education (physics)".
The order of studying various courses of both general and theoretical physics is consistently determined by the gradual analysis of more and more complex forms of motion of structural types of matter: macroobjects, molecules, atoms, elementary particles of fields.
Mechanics studies the laws of the simplest form of motion -the relative movement of objects in space. Outside of mechanics, movement is also a change in quality. Thermodynamics and statistical physics consider phenomena caused by the combined action of a huge number of continuously moving particles (molecules, atoms, electrons, etc.) that make up objects. Their disorderly motion acquires new qualities: the macroscopic properties of such systems are completely independent of the initial position of the particles, while the mechanical state essentially depends on the initial conditions [1].
Тhermodynamics is the science of the laws of thermal motion (thermo-) and its transformations into other types of motion. She studies the thermal properties of СЕКЦІЯ XVII. ПЕДАГОГІКА ТА ОСВІТА macroscopic systems without referring to the microscopic structure of its constituent parts. The laws of thermodynamics are established on the basis of numerous experimental data and observations of the properties of macroscopic systems [2].
The subject of the study of thermodynamics is all the facts of physics and chemistry, which are a statistically natural result of molecular and atomic phenomena. Typical examples of facts subject to thermodynamic research are: disordered penetration of molecules of one substance into the midst of molecules of another (dissolution, absorption); cooling and heating, accompanied by a change in the intensity of movement of individual elementary particles of matter; chemical reactions; crystallization, melting, evaporation, polarization, etc. [1,2]. Therefore, the area of thermodynamics is limited in terms of the size of the investigated objects. They must be large enough to ensure the alignment of random events in the microworld. On the other hand, the laws of statistics are not suitable for elucidating the properties of each particle (molecule, atom, ion, electron) of a substance. Further development in the XIX century. received thermodynamics of gases and vapors, and its main content was: 1) Investigation of various cycles in terms of their efficiency; 2) study of the properties of gases and vapors; 3) development and creation of thermodynamic diagrams for practical calculations in the field of heat engineering [2]. Almost all researchers whose names are associated with thermodynamics paid great attention to the molecular-kinetic substantiation of its results. Thermodynamics is the first stage on the way to studying the patterns in the collective of a large number of continuously moving and interacting particles.
For their comprehensive and more complete consideration, it is necessary to use statistical methods. The substantiation of the laws of thermodynamics, their connection with the laws of motion of particles, from which macroobjects are built, is given by statistical physics. It also allows us to find out the limits of applicability of thermodynamics.
Statistical physics and thermodynamics are related sciences. The subject of study of these sciences is the same. Almost everything that is the subject of statistical study is also the subject of thermodynamics. It is well known that thermodynamic concepts like heat, entropy, temperature have a statistical meaning. Therefore, the area of application of statistical physics, as well as of thermodynamics, is limited to systems that contain a sufficiently large number of particles.
The statistical theory is based on a certain dynamic model of matter, and some statistical assumptions are made about the a priori probabilities of certain microscopic states of the dynamic system. On this path, statistical physics has achieved major successes: it substantiated the first and second principles, revealed the essence of the concepts of temperature, entropy, free energy, made it possible to calculate the thermodynamic functions of various systems, laid the foundation for quantum mechanics, explained the laws of equilibrium radiation.
It is effective to use the methods of statistical physics in the analysis of the behavior of electrons in a metal, the heat capacities of gases and solids. Statistical physics is conventionally divided into the theory of equilibrium states and the theory of nonequilibrium processes (Table 1). In the first case, the theory operates with stationary mean values and probabilities of states, in the second case -with SECTION XVII. PEDAGOGY AND EDUCATION probabilities and mean values that depend on time. Distinguish between classical and quantum statistical physics depending on the investigated model of matter. A number of phenomena are displayed quite fully if we assume that the atoms and molecules that make up the system move according to the laws of classical mechanics.
The statistical physics built on this model is called classical statistics. If the quantum laws of motion of particles cannot be ignored, a quantum model of matter is chosen, and the corresponding theory is called quantum statistics (Table 1). The theory of equilibrium processes Currently, thermodynamics and statistical physics are developing with equal success, complementing and enriching each other, which contributes to the correct materialistic understanding of the phenomena in the world around us.
Conclusion. Section "Thermodynamics and statistical physics" is an integral part course of theoretical physics, which is the basis of all natural sciences and plays in pedagogical university a decisive role in completing the preparation of the future teacher of physics, the formation of his in the process of learning holistic ideas about modern physical picture of the world. Thermodynamics and statistical physics are engaged in the study of physical processes occurring in macroscopic objects.