COMMUNICATIVE TACTICS MANIFESTING MANIPULATION STRATEGY IN ENGLISH DETECTIVE DISCOURSE

.

Communicative strategies applied by the police officer during the police investigation are oriented onto psychological impact on a respondent. This impact can have either negative emotional colouring (if the interrogated does not realize importance of the investigation, refuses to release information or tell lies), or positive emotional colouring (if the interrogated feels nervous, scared, anxious, and thus needs reassuring).
For this study, it was of interest to determine the distinctive features and the mechanism of manipulative speech means used by the police officer to manipulate witnesses and suspects into revealing the truth about the murder. According to the Ukrainian communicative linguist F.S. Batsevich, a strategy of speech act is optimal implementation of the speaker's intentions to achieve a certain communicative aim. It implies controlling and choosing efficacious communicative moves, as well as changing them in a certain situation [1, p. 118].
E.V. Klyuyev defines communicative strategy as «a comlex of pre-arranged theoretical moves directed at meeting a communicative aim» [13, p. 18].
Similarly, O.S. Issers interprets communicative strategy as a comlex of speech actions directed at meeting a communicative aim and realized by means of communicative tactics [11, p. 124].
Communicative strategy and communicative tactics are interrelated concepts.
Strategy involves planning the process of speech communication [11, p. 70], while tactics is a comlex of practical moves in the real process of speech interaction. It means that communicative tactics, unlike communicative strategy, above all, correlates not with a communicative aim, but with a set of communicative intentions [13, p. 19].
Pre-trial investigation implies interrogation of witnesses and suspects about their relationship with a victim, about their whereabouts at the time of murder and other circumstances of the murder. As L.V. Pavlichenko rightly remarks, the structural and communicative-pragmatic peculiarities of interrogations are conditioned by certain criteria: а) the factor of priority or secondarity of the interrogation; b) its cooperative or conflict orientation; c) the factor of addressee, according to which interrogation of a victim and interrogation of a witness are differentiated [22, p. 189].
We suggest extending the criteria list and adding the criterion of interrogation formality degree, as our data are rich in the episodes in which the policeman succeeds in gaining crucial information thanks to his promise to the interrogated not to reveal the facts in his official reports. Thus, semi-formal or informal style of interrogation turns out to be helpful.
The study of communicative tactics used by police officers in order to manipulate the interrogated can be considered a new and promising research as it offers answers to a number of cognitive-pragmatic aspects of speech production process.
The aim of the article is to establish and carry out cognitive-pragmatic analysis of communicative tactics used by police officers during the interrogation.

Come on, Edie, I'm not daft and I know what goes on in Drim. Someone was jealous of you getting a wee speaking part."
Edie glared at him and then shrugged her thin shoulders. "Oh, well, you know how we are here. Someone pushed money in an envelope through the letter box the other day for the repairs. We settle our own disputes" [21, p. 127] In the given above example provocation tactics is based on the deduction of the policeman and his confession of possessing certain information. The policeman's guess or what happened (the villagers broke into Eddie's window because they were jealous of her starring in the play), and accusing Eddie of hiding the hooligans, took her by surprise. She could not but admit the rightness of the policeman's.
Menace is considered as a complex directive-commisive speech act that combines two illocutionary aims: the agreement of the addresser to execute certain future action, as well as following a peculiar mode of behavior and an attempt to force someone into action [7, p. 18]. Menace is characterized by purposefulness in conflict discourse. It implicitly or explicitly performs the manipulative function through verbal (direct or indirect) and non-verbal (expressed by an author) means [7, p. 20].
The menacing tactics is aimed at changing the behavioral or emotional aspect of the addressee's personality through fear [14, p. 14]. In English detective discourse the police detective usually applies menacing if the witnesses refuse to establish contact and conceal the required information, or lie, as in the following example: "Either tell me here or come to the station with me and make a statement." [21, p. 91].
Menacing in the fragment above is realized due to the conditional construction and use of verbs of physical action that is undesirable for an addressee (come to the station with me and make a statement).
Warning is seen as a manipulative speech act aimed at informing the addressee about negative consequences that the addresser can provide [15, p. 13]. The undesired consequences usually imply certain sanctions from the authorized person (it is a police detective in our case), that can result in outgrowing of warning into menacingintimidation. Here is an episode from the detective discourse in which warning is accompanied by the lowering of the status of the interrogated: "I will type up a statement," said Hamish, "and get you to sign it. I will also have to take statements from Luigi and Giovanni."  [21, p. 91] In the given example the tactics of warning is realized in the phrase: «Listen to me, Mr. Ferrari…this is not of Italy». This is how the police officer responds to the attempt of the addressee to threaten him. Warning is combined with an attempt to lower the status of the addressee (Just who the hell do you think you are?).
Blackmail is another tactics that represents a kind of manipulative psychoemotional impact. According to A. D. Nikodimova, the addresser of blackmail intends to correct the behavior of the addressee, referring to possessing important information or ability to perform actions that can have negative consequences for the addressee [16, p. 12]. As well as the tactics of warning and menacing, blackmail comes forward as actualization of the predicted negative consequences. This tactics offers the addressee an alternative between two negative perspectives: realization of either menacing or demand: Hamish looked at the can in his hand. Dead-0 Rat Poison. "Well, now," he said quietly, looking at their stricken faces. "Well, now." "It's naethin's to dae with this," said Mrs Maclean. "We hae the rats. I got that frae the grocers the other day".

"You realize I shall question Mr Patel and find out exactly when you bought it," said Hamish.
There was a long silence. "She didnae get it from him," said Archie at last. "I got it myself from Iain Gunn over at Coyle" [19, p. 77].
In the given example blackmailing is manifested due to structurally-semantic pattern "you may do or I I'll…" and the use of verbs of physical action undesirable for the interrogated "haul you in and charge you with". He called on the dentist, a Mr Jones, who was justifiably annoyed at his call, having already been interviewed by the Inverness police. Hamish was not surprised.
He knew Blair had sent him to Inverness to get him out of the way.
"You are such an important witness, Mr Jones," he said, "that I am afraid you have to be questioned all over again. I will not be taking up much of your time." "Oh, well," said the dentist, mollified. "There's not much to tell... " [19, p. 53].
The provided example illustrates manipulation of the interlocutor by means of flattery. The tactics is based on the positively-evaluative semantics of the word important intensified by the word «such». An attempt to "flatter" the interlocutor in the situation is a success due to the author's comment (mollified), as the addressee calms down and releases necessary information.
Conclusion. Thus, the cognitive pragmatic analysis of the strategic plan of the police officer, the personage of detective discourse, has been helpful to find out that one of the communicative strategies used by the police detective is the manipulation strategy. It is manifested by the communicative tactics of provocation, warning,