THE ANALIZE OF THE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE FROM PLATO TO CONTEMPORANEITY

: Plato is one of the brilliant philosophers of Antiquity. The thinker made a wide contribution in the philosophy, culture and politics. Plato was the first philosopher who researched the concept of state power and elaborated the mechanism of the changing of the forms of government. Plus, philosopher created the concept of ideal state, based on virtue and the tendency to achieve the common good. The thinker evaluated the position of man in society, his desires and aspirations. In this study, we aimed to analyze the process of the change of the forms of government in the Plato’s point of view, to identify the similarities and qualitative differences between forms of government analyzed by the great philosopher and to compare Plato’s and Aristotle’s doctrines that refers to the forms of government .


Introduction
Plato (427-347 BC.) together with his professor, Socrates, and his best-known student, Aristotle, founded the Western philosophy and science, exerting an important influence on Western culture. Platonism is a permanent side of the European spirit, and platonic writings fascinate us with the beauty of ancient form and poetic expression. (Craiovan I., 1998, p.19) Plato is one of the important founders of Western religion, spirituality, philosophy, science and mathematics on the European continent. The thinker innovated the style of written dialogue and SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 63 187 philosophical dialectical forms, which originated with him. In particular, Plato founded the Western political philosophy in the dialogues "The Republic" and "The Laws". Thinker written one of the earliest political treatises, in which analyzed the forms of government from a philosophical point of view. Plato is the first Greek philosopher whose writings have remained complete, and even some whose authenticity has been denied since antiquity. (Craiovan I., 1998, p.19) The theoretical work of Plato has the generic title of dialogues, (Georgescu Ș., 2001, p. 13-14) which is explained by the fact that a majority of his works are stylized in the dialogued form with dramatic sense. The Plato's point of view is expressed by Socrates. . (Craiovan I., 1998, p.19) True debates of ideas, dialogues contain both the rejection of wrong ideas, fulfilling the function of catharsis, and the argumentation of some theses, designed to help the truth to be constituted. Dialogues combine the depth of philosophical thought with the beautiful literary form. (Georgescu Ș., 2001, p. 13-14) In total, Plato is known for 35 writings and 13 letters. ( Florian M., 1996, p. 25-26) The philosophical conception of Plato is an idealism based on the data of mathematics, which is, in other sources, called "objective idealism". (Râbca E., 2016, p. 51) In his conception, philosophy and logic are closely related, making up a single science. (Georgescu Ș., 2001, p. 13-14) We should analyze the historical context in which the great philosopher created his works. Plato lived in a gloomy era in the Athens' history. This period is characterized by failures, internal and external struggles, the abusive and cruel rule of the Thirty Tyrants. Plato's beliefs were influenced by the death sentence of his master Socrates, who was convicted during democratic political regime. This led the philosopher to base the caste leadership, according to which the people cannot understand authentic values. (Banu I., 1975, p.11) The philosopher hoped that the elite, which would come to government, could be formed through the education of future citizens. Namely, education was seen by Plato as a means that allows the formation of a society capable of a government based on achieving the common good. (Villey M., 1975, p. 21) Plato opened the school in the garden named Academy in which he tried to form the elite that would later come to government.  (Banu I., 1975, p.11) All his life Plato wanted to play a great political role. (Avornic G., 2010, p. 391) Referring to Plato's political writings, we should mention "The Republic" and "The Laws". In these works, philosopher reflected about law and justice. In the foundation of his theory, Plato starts from determining the individual's place in the state, analyzing the concept of justice, and create the ideal state, based on justice.
"The Laws" represents Plato's reflection on the purpose, foundations of public authority and means of discovering good laws, founding the concept of responsibility of rulers in the state. The thinker stated that the state should be ruled by written laws, founding the idea of the rule of law, developed later by thinkers such as J. Locke, Ch. L. Montesquieu, T. Jefferson, I. Kant, G. W. F. Hegel. Plato believed that politics should follow the people's good and the whole society, and the major task of the jurist is to pursue the good, in which is encompassed justice.

I. The foundations of state's organization in the Plato's point or view
Plato argued the social nature of human personality. Thinker founded the study of the forms of government on the concept of social contract. So, thinker highlighted the contractual origin of the state. In his work "The Republic", Plato argued that "a fortress appears because each of us is not autonomous" what causes people to get close to each other to give mutual help. Each person gives something good to another for receiving some necessary things. As a result, "the products of work are more numerous and better, being made faster, than it was in the past." In the Plato's ideal state everyone does one thing, specializes in a narrow field, which is in accordance to his nature. (Craiovan I., 1998, p.21) The fortress is seen by Plato as a whole, as a system of individual functions, which formed the mechanism of the supreme individual. This determine the thinker to start from the studying of the idea of justice, which is expressed by the phrase "to do what is yours and not to deal with more", being conceived not as a relationship between individuals, but as a state's characteristic feature, based on a relationship between classes that form this state. . world as an idea, as a pure essence that does not decrease and does not increase.
Polis or states take part in the idea of justice, having legal order. (Georgescu Ș., 2001, p. 16) In Plato's "The Republic" the goal of all activities, in general, and the state's activity, in particular, is the common good, that could be achieved by virtue. The mission of the fortress is to bring in social life the order similar to that brought into the people's souls by justice. (Stroe C., 1994, p.62) Therefore, the fortress' goal is the achieving of justice, and justice is the principle and method of the fortress' life. (Stroe C., 1994, p.62) In this context, the purpose of law is to achieve the good of the fortress, which is embodied in Justice, the right being subordinate to morality.  Therefore, Plato highlighted the following important aspects within the concept of good governance. Firstly, the state's laws should be right and just, because only these laws could form the basis of good state order. We should note that just laws should be respected by all citizens. The compliance with existing legislation leads to finality the legislative activity of the governors. Respectively, the law has no force, if it is not respected. So, the first criterion which helps us to determine the good state order could be applied if only is present the second criterion, namely compliance with the legislation in force. We should pay attention to the character and mentality of the people who form society, because the same order could be right for one society and unfair to another. However, the laws should correspond to the traditions and moral recognized by the majority of people. Therefore, the last category of good governance could be characterized throughout the prism of the fact that in this society there are no written laws, and people are guided by moral norms.
All members of society respect these norms. In that society, moral norms take the place of written laws. We should note that the fundamental difference between the first and the third category described by Diogenes Laertios lies in the law origin: the social norms are elaborated by the legislator or, in other case by the citizens of Polis.
Anyway, the legal framework should be respected.
Diogenes Laertios analyzed state disorder, which is manifested in three forms. In conclusion, we should highlight that the main role in the establishment of good state order is exercised by the legislation, which, firstly, should be fair, secondly, should be respected, and, finally, should correspond to the traditions and mentality of the people. We consider that these criteria perfectly apply to the legislation in force and could be considered the pillars of the contemporary legislative process. According to Plato's doctrine, the negative aspects of democracy are disrespect to parents and teachers, non-compliance with laws, equality between husband and wife. Society is composed of the wasteful people, who are at the head of the state, the rich who finance state power and the working people, who are the true holder of state sovereignty, where unite their powers to achieve the common goal.

IV. Mechanism and reasons for changing the forms of government
Analyzing the people's mentality during the democracy, we should note that should be mentioned that during the Antiquity, the meaning of the word tyrant was partially different from the one we know. For the ancient Greeks, the tyrant represented the person who came to the leadership among the people. In fact, the struggle for power is the struggle between the social classes, or, more precisely, the struggle of the people and political elites. When the tyrant comes to power, this struggle is won by the people who entrust it to the selected person. We should highlight that during the democracy, state is conducted by the ruler chosen by the people, who later becomes a tyrant. He will limit the freedoms more and more until the all people become slaves. (Capcelea V., 2004, p. 49) The tyrant destroys opponents, namely, the aristocracy after he comes to power.
Wealth is shared between people, but eventually, this person concentrates on his hands absolute power, because the aristocracy is annihilated. Gradually, the monarch raises taxes, is afraid of a conspiracy, and hates the people who entrusted him with power. Meanwhile, this policy makes the person designated by the people to become a tyrant in the genuine sense of the word. However, the tyrant is not happy; he is an authentic slave, subject to his own motives and poor in his soul. He is full of fright throughout his whole life. (Capcelea V., 2004, p. 49-50) In the state starts the war, the brave, smart, rich people are killed, because they are a danger for the tyrant. For this state is characteristic the state of permanent war, taxes are constantly increasing and, as a result, the people begin to hate the tyrant.
We should note that every excess becomes the cause of opposite changes (Capcelea V., 2004, p. 49) and democracy perishes from the pursuit of excess freedom.
Tiran is overthrown in a coup, and the people come to power. We should highlight the return to democracy. According to another point of view, tyranny produces suffering, which represents the "instrument of awakening". Paradoxically, eventually, the tyrannical system will allow the re-emergence of the germs of the Another Plato's idea that requires analysis is the position of man within society.
The thinker notes that the man is the generator of major changes in society. If, according to Plato, the forms of government degrade due to the mores characteristic for a particular society in a certain period, then, on the contrary, we can conclude that all people could change the state's life for the better, could modify the "circle" of changes from the one characterized by the degradation of society to the one that leads to the society's evolution. Any change does not start from top to bottom, from rulers to citizens, but, on the contrary, from ordinary people to those who actually exercise state power. Namely, people bring the changes in state. On the one hand, it seems that the life and aspirations of a young man, as well as his relationships within the family cannot serve an object of study of the great philosopher, but the life of a family mirrors the situation prevailing in the whole society. Invoking the example of a young man, the thinker describes a society with its aspirations and goals. We should note that in this study, philosopher starts from the man's position in society.
So, the citizens are not only an "object" of government, becoming the "subject", which takes part in government and could change the state's organization. The importance of Plato's study is also manifested in the fact that the thinker shows the impossibility of changing of the political, economic and social situation according to the will of the rulers, without the existence of the necessary premises for that change.
Therefore, in order to determine the peculiarities of one or another political regime, it is necessary to analyze the situation of the citizen within the state, their desires, aspirations, problems, and the improvement of the situation of man within the state is the shortest and the most effective way that brings changes within society and the entire state apparatus.

Comparison Plato-Aristotle
In the classification of forms of government, Plato started from the definition of the idea of justice and the ideal (just) and the bad (unjust) forms of government. The philosopher catalogues as imperfect forms of government tyranny which represents a monarchy aimed at achieving the monarch's advantages, oligarchy in which governance is exercised to the advantage of the wealthy people and democracy in which governance is carried out for the benefit of the poor ones.
Within these forms of government, the state power is not exercised to achieve the common good. . (Aristotel, 2001, p.163) Therefore, we should highlight a substantial difference in the criterion for the classification of the forms of government and in their changes in the models proposed by philosophers. However, both thinkers placed aristocracy and monarchy within the "good" forms of government and disaggregated democracy.

Conclusions
The importance of the Plato's research of the forms of government is manifested in the fact that the philosopher, on the one hand, seen the cause of these changes in the mentality of people, in their desires and lifestyle. On the other hand, the thinker gives a psychological dimension of the state. Plato conducts a deep analysis of the forms of government, determining the causes and consequences of their changes. The philosopher analyzes the "natural state", position it as a living organism, because all changes in society occur organically. So, Plato's theory showed its practical applicability during the humanity's history and some aspects of the thinker's doctrine remain actually in the contemporary doctrine of constitutional law.