OLD ARCHITECTURE OR MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN UZBEKISTAN

Głównymi obszarami badanych gruntów są gleby ze średnią zawartością fosforu ruchomego, a zatem udział takich gleb w regionie Ustinowskim wynosił 54,38%, Swetłowodzkim 67,39%, Dolińskim 76,10% i Bobrynetskim 76,52% (rys. 1). Obszary o niskiej zawartości fosforanów stanowią od 0,04 procent w Ustinowskim i do 4,15 w regionie Dolińskim z badanych obszarów. Udział gleb o wysokiej zawartości fosforu ruchomego wynosił 0,04% w Dolińskim, 4,61% w Bobrynetskim, 5,64% w Ustinowskim regionach. W regionie Swetłowodzk nie znaleziono takiej klasy gleby. Aby optymalnie przyspieszyć reżim fosforanowy, konieczne jest zwiększenie objętości chemicznej poprawy gleby kwaśnych gleb oraz wprowadzenie plonów roślin uprawnych i bocznikowych, zwłaszcza krzyżowych (kapustowatych), na tle ciągłego stosowania nawozów fosforowych. Powinno to zwiększyć żyzność gleby i odpowiednio wydajność zbiorów.


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(exaggeration), technology, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality... it's all about high-tech. Most often, glass, plastic, metal, as well as straight lines and simple shapes are widely used in the construction of buildings. The Pompidou Center in Paris (1977), built by Richard Rodgers and Renzo Piano, is considered to be one of the first important high-tech structures implemented.
Deconstructivism is another trend in modern architecture, based on the application of the ideas of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida in construction practice. Such buildings are characterized by visual complexity, unexpected broken shapes, and an aggressive intrusion into the urban environment. Here architecture comes into conflict, "debunks" and abolishes itself. And for me, this current is of the greatest interest, because each new structure is a stunning sight! [1] Postmodernism is a trend that has replaced modernism, whose innovative spirit has exhausted itself. In the 70s, in the United States, as a reaction to this, huge buildings appeared, surpassing even glass skyscrapers in their scale. Their scale does not correspond to the human body in any way, and was more like some cosmic level. The smooth glass surface of the buildings did not have the floor-level horizontal division revealed from the outside, but reflected the sky and the surrounding space with its entire "body", entering into irrational interaction with it. The main thing that the architects of postmodernism tried to return to architecture is the imagery that was expelled from it many decades ago, making it not just a process of creating spatial structures, but an art form.
Special attention should be paid, of course, to constructivism, the first Soviet architectural style that emerged at the beginning of the XX century. Constructivism is a trend in Russian art in the 20s of the twentieth century. the Architects of that time sought to comprehend the formative possibilities of a new technique for those times, its logical, appropriate designs, as well as the aesthetic possibilities of materials such as metal, glass and wood. The constructivists sought to contrast the simplicity and emphasized utilitarianism of new object forms with ostentatious luxury, in which they saw the reification of democracy and new relations between people. They say that constructivism is the first architectural style in the USSR. As an example, I would like to cite Soviet-era buildings that every Russian will recognize. [2] Rationalism is another trend in Soviet architecture, but with a touch of avantgarde. It is characterized by laconic forms, rigor and underlined functionalism. Ideologists of rationalism, in contrast to constructivists, paid much attention to the psychological perception of architecture by a person and approached the idea of structures from a psychological point of view. One of the most striking examples will be the entrance to the Moscow Metro station "Red Gate", which each of us, for sure, has seen more than once! [2] Modern architecture changes the appearance of megacities, creating a more comfortable and prosperous environment for life. Leading architects are increasingly choosing the forms and materials that increase the energy efficiency of future facilities. Futuristic buildings coexist with the heritage of the past and harmoniously fit into the style of the area. And the plastic of their facades reflects the dynamism of modern cities. These projects differ from traditional buildings not only in their architectural appearance, but also in their rich infrastructure. In addition, they often embody the most daring and progressive ideas of their time.
For example, in Tashkent, when a new highway was broken through, the medieval Farabi street with many residential buildings was almost demolished. XIXearly XX centuries. Monuments of people's homes with their artistic merits were the most vulnerable. So, in 1979, we surveyed 140 residential buildings in Ichan-Kala and Dishan-Kala using the measurements of L. Petushkov, V. Golikov and Y. Afanasyev. Picture-1. Scientific passports were drawn up and photofixing was made, there are plans and sections. Of these, 106 houses were identified as buildings of 12-3 categories. Over the next 10 years since the survey of monuments in Khiva, significant changes have occurred: the wall of Ichan-Kala was partially restored and for some reason it was lined with burnt bricks, a number of objects were restored: AK-Sheikh Bobo, ATA Darvaza, Sewerage was laid, etc.an asphalt road was broken along the city wall inside Ichan-Kala, ostensibly to inspect the monuments [3].
During the implementation of new buildings, about 70% of the previously surveyed monuments of residential architecture were demolished, and the remaining houses are being rebuilt. In the Dishan-Kala panorama, slate roofs and glazed aivans that are alien to the city often appear. Eventually, the appearance of the background building surrounding the monumental monuments changes.
There are also noticeable changes in Shahrisabz, a classic Eastern city that developed in the XIV -XV centuries. the historical structure of the city is broken Here. In the North-Eastern part, a fair, Department store, hotel, pharmacy, etc. were built on the site of demolished residential blocks. [3] The commercial dome is one of the rare surviving monuments of civil architecture, where the main thoroughfares of the city intersected. As a result of the unprecedented expansion of the main street, Chor-su gained an island location and, having lost its scale and dignity, turned into an ordinary store. A massive reinforced concrete fountain was built on the cultural layer of the AK-Saray Palace in the XIV century. This caused damage to the protected area of the monument and the historical environment of the city.
In order to identify the features of architectural and art schools in Uzbekistan and their mutual influence, only the most characteristic buildings of civil and religious architecture are considered in the dissertation from the most extensive material. This work on the construction culture of Uzbekistan in the late medieval period and on the features of various architectural and artistic schools in no way claims to be an exhaustive statement of issues.
The conclusion can be briefly about the following: -for the first time on the basis of a systematic approach, a theoretical study of late medieval architectural schools in Uzbekistan and their mutual influence was conducted, taking into account historical, natural, climatic and social conditions; -for the first time, a General classification of monuments of civil and religious architecture of the Republic of the XVIII -early XX centuries was given, taking into account their functional purpose; unknown and little-known buildings of various purposes were identified and introduced into scientific use.